Compositions and related methods for modulating transcriptional activation by incorporating gag motifs upstream of core promoter elements

ABSTRACT

Compositions and methods for genetically modifying the production levels of nicotine and other alkaloids in plants are provided.

BACKGROUND

Nicotine production from polyamine putrescine, a precursor of nicotine,can be produced by two pathways in plants. Putrescine can be synthesizeddirectly from ornithine in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme ornithinedecarboxylase, or can be produced indirectly from arginine in a sequenceof reactions initiated by arginine decarboxylase. The first committedstep in nicotine biosynthesis is the conversion of putrescine toN-methylputrescine by putrescine N-methyltransferase (“PMT”).N-methylputrescine is subsequently oxidized by a diamine oxidase, and iscyclized to produce a 1-methyl-Δ¹-pyrrolium cation, which issubsequently condensed with nicotinic acid to produce nicotine.

SUMMARY

In various embodiments, compositions and methods for geneticallymodifying the production levels of nicotine and other alkaloids inplants are provided. Nicotine and other alkaloid production can begenetically controlled by modulating the transcriptional activation ofvarious genes that encode gene products involved in the biosyntheticpathway of such alkaloids. Various compositions and methods forgenetically modifying the production levels of nicotine in plants,including the tobacco, are provided. The transcriptional activation of apromoter of interest can be modified by incorporating one or more GAGmotifs upstream and operably-linked to the promoter of interest in orderto control the gene expression levels of a transgene of interest, whichcan be positioned downstream and operably-linked to the promoter ofinterest. Various compositions and improved methods for geneticallyregulating the production levels of nicotine and other alkaloids inplants, including transgenic plants, transgenic tobacco plants,recombinant stable cell lines, recombinant stable tobacco cell lines,and derivatives thereof, are provided.

In one embodiment, an expression vector for regulating expression of aplant gene is provided, the vector comprising a tripartite GAG motifhaving at least 95% nucleotide sequence identity to the nucleotidesequence of SEQ ID NO:1, where the tripartite regulatory-motif comprisesa G-box like element, an AT-rich element and a GCC-like box element andwhere the expression of an operatively-linked gene is capable of beinginduced by a phytohormone.

In another embodiment, an expression vector for regulating expression ofa plant gene is provided, the vector comprising a G-G derivativefragment having at least 95% nucleotide sequence identity to thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5, where the regulatory-motif comprisesa G-box like element, and a GCC-like box element and where theexpression of an operatively-linked gene is induced by a phytohormone.

In a further embodiment, the expression vector may contain multiplecopies of the tripartite GAG motif or G-G derivative fragment. Forexample, the regulatory motif may be present in the expression vector asa dimer, a trimer or a tetramer.

In yet another embodiment, a method for regulating synthesis of aprotein in a plant is provided, the method comprising introducing intothe plant cell an expression vector comprising a tripartite GAG motifinto a plant cell where the GAG motif comprises a G-box like element, anAT-rich element and a GCC-like box element, and the motif is capable ofaltering the induction of expression of a gene operatively-linked to theGAG motif.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates multiple signal transduction pathways, induced byvarious stimuli that regulate PMT promoter activation/repression inplants.

FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate a promoter sequence containing the GAG motif thatconfers methyl jasmonate (MeJA) inducible expression of the tobaccoNtPMT1a gene. FIG. 2A illustrates the nucleotide sequence of the NtPMT1agene promoter from −201 to +67, relative to the transcription initiationsite (+1). The GAG motif is indicated by an arrow and the G Box-likeelement, the AT-rich element, and the GCC-like element are shown asboxed subregions. Numbers indicate the position relative to thetranscription initiation site. FIG. 2B is a schematic representation ofthe gain-of-function promoter constructs. Tetramers (4×GAG) wereinserted upstream of the −46 35S promoter of the Cauliflower mosaicvirus (CaMV 35S). Promoter activity was monitored by GUS reporter geneactivation.

FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate the functional domains of the GAG motif asdetermined by mutational analysis. FIG. 3A is a schematic representationof the GAG motif and mutated GAG motif constructs. The G Box-likeelement is represented by a circle, the AT-rich element by an oval, andthe GCC-like element by a rectangle. Mutated versions are represented asshaded regions. FIG. 3B shows the relative strengths and methyljasmonate inducibility of various promoter constructs. Black barsrepresent the level of GUS activity 48 hours after the addition of 100μM MeJA. Grey bars represent the level of GUS activity after 48 hours incontrol samples. The relative fold inducibility of respective promoterconstructs is shown. Error bars indicate plus and minus the standarderror of the mean (SEM).

FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate the functional domains of the GAG motif asdetermined by assaying individual subfragments of the GAG motif. FIG. 4Ais a schematic representation of various GAG motif constructs, eachcontaining individual elements or combinations of elements. The GBox-like element is represented by a circle, the AT-rich element by anoval, and the GCC-like element by a rectangle. FIG. 4B shows therelative strengths and methyl jasmonate inducibility of the promoterconstructs. Black bars represent the level of GUS activity 48 hoursafter the addition of 100 μM MeJA. Grey bars represent the level of GUSactivity after 48 hours in control samples. The relative foldinducibility of respective promoter constructs is shown. Error barsindicate plus and minus the standard error of the mean (SEM).

FIGS. 5A-5B illustrate the functional domains of the GAG motif deficientin the AT-rich element (“G box-GCC unit”) as determined by mutationalanalysis. FIG. 5A is a schematic representation of the G box-GCC unitconstruct and the mutated “G box-GCC unit” construct. The G Box-likeelement is represented by a circle. The GCC-like element is representedby a rectangle. Mutated versions are shaded. FIG. 5B shows the relativestrengths and methyl jasmonate inducibility of the promoter constructs.Black bars represent the level of GUS activity 48 hours after theaddition of 100 μM MeJA. Grey bars represent the level of GUS activityafter 48 hours in control samples. The relative fold inducibility ofrespective promoter constructs is shown. Error bars indicate plus andminus the standard error of the mean (SEM).

FIGS. 6A-6B illustrate the functional domains of GAG motifs derived fromfour N. tabacum PMT genes. FIG. 6A shows a comparative sequencealignment of the GAG motifs derived from the NtPMT1a, NtPMT2, NtPMT3,and NtPMT4 genes. The G box element, the AT-rich element, and theGCC-like element have been underscored. Stars indicate positions ofvariant sequences. FIG. 6B shows the relative strengths and methyljasmonate inducibility of the GAG motifs from four PMT genes ofNicotiana tabacum. Black bars represent the level of GUS activity 48hours after the addition of 100 μM MeJA. Grey bars represent the levelof GUS activity after 48 hours in control samples. The relative foldinducibility of respective promoter constructs is shown. Error barsindicate plus and minus the standard error of the mean (SEM).

FIG. 7 shows MeJA inducibility of the G box-GCC construct and the GAGconstruct in transgenic tobacco plants as determined by histologicalanalysis. Various portions of the transgenic plants were histochemicallystained for GUS activity 48 hours after treatment with 100 μM MeJA.Plants not exposed to MeJA were also stained for GUS activity asnegative controls. Blue color indicates promoter activity, and is onlyobserved in plants containing the G box-GCC unit or the GAG motif, thathave been either exposed to MeJA or subjected to wounding. Woundingresponse was observed in a broad zone of the cortex beginning atstem-root transition. MeJA response directed by the G box-GCC unit wasobserved in the zone of elongation and points of lateral rootinitiation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Genetic regulation of nicotine biosynthesis is desirable in a variety ofplants, especially in tobacco plants. Nicotine biosynthesis can beregulated by controlling the expression levels and/or the activities ofenzymes involved in the nicotine biosynthetic pathway. In particular, aneffective way to genetically regulate nicotine production is bycontrolling the transcriptional activation of promoters that control theexpression of genes encoding putrescine N-methyltransferases (“PMT”).PMT is one of several critical enzymes involved in the nicotinebiosynthetic pathway in plants, including tobacco plants. Variouscompositions and methods for modifying PMT expression levels in plantsare provided, as further described below. In Nicotiana tabacum, at leastfive PMT genes have been characterized: NtPMT1a, NtPMT1b, NtPMT2,NtPMT3, and NtPMT4.

For example, the production levels of nicotine, other alkaloids, andsecondary metabolites can be genetically regulated by controlling theexpression level of PMT, which correlates directly with their productionlevels. This can be accomplished by controlling PMT promoter activationthat correlates with the expression levels of the PMT structural gene.PMT RNA transcripts produced by transcriptional processes aresubsequently translated into PMT polypeptides that exhibit PMT enzymaticactivity. The activation of the PMT promoter by sequence-specifictranscriptional factors (“transcriptional activators”) can increase thelevels of PMT RNA transcripts and PMT polypeptides produced. Incontrast, the repression of the PMT promoter by sequence-specifictranscriptional factors (“transcriptional repressors”) can decrease thelevels of PMT RNA transcripts and PMT polypeptides produced.

The disclosure describes the characterization of a regulatory regionidentified from sequences located upstream of the core promoter elementsof the PMT1A promoter. This regulatory region is referred to as the “GAGmotif,” which comprises a G-box like element [G], an AT-rich element[A], and a GCC-like box element [G].

The GAG motif, having the sequence (CTAACCCTGCACGTTGTAATGAATTTTTAACTATTATATTATATCGAGTTGCGCCCTCCACTC CTCGGTGTCCA), isdesignated as SEQ ID NO:1. The G-box like element [G], having thesequence (GCACGTTG), is designated as SEQ ID NO:2. The AT-rich element[A], having the sequence (TAATGAATTTTTAACTA TTATATTATAT), is designatedas SEQ ID NO: 3. The GCC-like box element [G], having the sequence(TGCGCC CTCCACTCCTCGGTGTCCA), is designated as SEQ ID NO:4. The G-Gderivative fragment, having the sequence(CTAACCCTGCACGTTGTCGAGTTGCGCCCTCCACTCCTCGG TGTCCA), is designated as SEQID NO:5. The G-box like element [G], the AT-rich element [A], and theGCC-like box element [G] included in the GAG motif, as disclosed herein,have not been previously characterized, and the sequences are differentfrom other G-box elements, AT-rich elements, and GCC elements,previously reported in the literature.

Experimental results, described herein, have shown that when individualcomponents of the GAG motif (i.e., the G-box like element [G], theAT-rich element [A], and the GCC-like box element [G]) are positionedupstream and operably-linked to test promoters, the levels of promoteractivation for promoter constructs containing such individual elementsof the GAG motif, in intact form, are substantially lower than thatobserved when the GAG motif is positioned upstream and operably-linkedto the same test promoters. Thus, as an intact tripartite unit, the GAGmotif can function optimally when positioned upstream andoperably-linked to various homologous and heterologous promoters ofinterest. In this context, the term “homologous promoters” refer to PMTpromoters or PMT-like promoters. In this context, the term “heterologouspromoters” refer to promoters distinct from PMT promoters or PMT-likepromoters.

Single or multiple copies of the GAG motif and GAG derivative fragments,including the G-G derivative fragment, can be incorporated upstream andoperably-linked to a promoter of interest, which is positioned upstreamand operably-linked to a transgene of interest. The terms“operably-linked” and “operably associated” are used interchangeablyherein to broadly refer to a chemical or physical coupling (directly orindirectly) of two otherwise distinct domains in a molecule, whereineach domain has independent biological function. For example,operably-linked refers to the functional connection between a regulatorysequence and the polynucleotide regulated by the regulatory sequence.For example, an operably-linked GAG motif of the disclosure can comprisea GAG motif operably-linked to a promoter, which is in turnoperably-linked to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide or inhibitorynucleic acid molecule.

A “promoter” is a regulatory sequence composed of a region of a DNAmolecule, typically within 100 nucleotides upstream of the point atwhich transcription starts (generally near the initiation site for RNApolymerase II). Promoters are involved in recognition and binding of RNApolymerase and other proteins to initiate and modulate transcription. Tobring a coding sequence under the control of a promoter, it typically isnecessary to position the translation initiation site of thetranslational reading frame of the polypeptide between one and aboutfifty nucleotides downstream of the promoter.

A “minimal promoter” comprises only a necessary amount of sequence forassembly of a transcription complex required for transcriptioninitiation. Minimal promoters typically include a “TATA box” elementthat may be located between about 15 and about 35 nucleotides upstreamfrom the site of transcription initiation. Minimal promoters may alsoinclude a “CCAAT box” element (typically the sequence CCAAT) and/or aGGGCG sequence, which can be located between about 40 and about 200nucleotides, typically about 60 to about 120 nucleotides, upstream fromthe transcription start site.

Incorporation of multiple copies of the GAG motif upstream of a promoterof interest can increase the strength of the promoter of interest, andthereby, result in higher expression levels of the transgene ofinterest. To enhance promoter activation, for example, one or moreGAG-fragments can be positioned upstream of a minimal plant promotercontaining a TATA box for recruiting RNA Polymerase, and preferably, inclose proximity to the 5′ end of the TATA box. A “plant promoter” is apromoter capable of initiating transcription in plant cells. Suchpromoters need not be of plant origin. For example, promoters derivedfrom plant viruses, such as the CaMV 35S promoter, or from Agrobacteriumtumefaciens such as the T-DNA promoters, can serve as plant promoters.An example of a plant promoter of plant origin is the maize ubiquitin-1(ubi-1) promoter. The GAG motif can be used in conjunction with anypromoter (native or synthetic, minimal or complete) that can beoperative in plants (i.e., recognized by plant cellular factors).Suitable promoters include the −46 bp Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV)35S minimal promoter, which can be expressed at low (basal) levels inmost plant tissues. Tissue-specific promoters, such root-specificpromoters or root cortex specific promoters, are also contemplated.Suitable promoters include constitutive promoters and induciblepromoters, well-known to persons skilled in the art. Suitable promotersand methods for constructing various promoter constructs are well-knownby persons skilled in the art.

PMT promoter activation is responsive to various endogenous andexogenous signals, including phytohormones, wounding, and invasion bypathogens or insects. FIG. 1 illustrates the existence of multiplesignal transduction pathways inducible by various phytohormones,including jasmonic acid (“JA”), auxin, and ethylene, which can affectPMT promoter activation. As shown in FIG. 1, the transcriptionalregulation of PMT genes can be responsive to multiple signaltransduction pathways that can be co-induced if multiple stimulantsexist simultaneously in an environment. When a particular signaltransduction pathway is induced, the expression level and/or thetranscriptional activity of a transcriptional factor can be increased.Alternatively, the expression level and/or the transcriptional activityof a transcriptional factor can be decreased by inducing a particularsignal transduction pathway. For example, a JA-inducible signaltransduction pathway can be blocked by co-exposure to sufficientconcentrations of auxin and/or ethylene that appear to have antagonisticeffects on the JA-inducible pathway. In particular, PMT promoteractivation induced by JA exposure can be blocked by exposure to auxinand/or ethylene.

The GAG motif and derivatives of the GAG motif can modulate theexpression levels of a transgene of interest in a tissue-specificmanner. For example, the PMT gene expression in the roots of N. tabacumcan be up-regulated by various stresses/stimuli, including toppingprocedures, physical invasions by herbivores/insects, and methyljasmonate (MeJA) exposure. Thus, the incorporation of one or more GAGmotifs and/or derivatives of the GAG motifs, including partialconfigurations and variants of the GAG motif (e.g., G-G fragment) can beutilized to activate any promoter of interest in a root-specific manner,and in response to various stresses/stimuli.

For modulating the activation levels of various promoters of interestand/or expression levels of various transgenes of interest, thefollowing compositions and methods are contemplated:

For various expression vectors described below, various genes thatencode enzymes involved in biosynthetic pathways for the production ofalkaloids, flavoids, and nicotine can be suitable as transgenes that canbe operably-linked to a promoter of interest.

In another embodiment, an expression vector comprises a promoteroperably-linked to cDNA encoding an enzyme involved in the biosynthesisof alkaloids. In another embodiment, a plant cell line comprises anexpression vector comprising a promoter operably-linked to cDNA encodingan enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of alkaloids. In anotherembodiment, a transgenic plant comprises an expression vector comprisinga promoter operably-linked to cDNA encoding an enzyme involved in thebiosynthesis of alkaloids. In another embodiment, methods for modulatingthe production level of alkaloids are provided, comprising: introducingan expression vector comprising a promoter operably-linked to cDNAencoding an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of alkaloids.

In another embodiment, an expression vector comprises a promoteroperably-linked to cDNA encoding an enzyme involved in the biosynthesisof flavoids. In another embodiment, a plant cell line comprises anexpression vector comprising a promoter operably-linked to cDNA encodingan enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of flavoids. In anotherembodiment, a transgenic plant comprises an expression vector comprisinga promoter operably-linked to cDNA encoding an enzyme involved in thebiosynthesis of flavoids. In another embodiment, methods for modulatingthe production level of flavoids are provided, comprising: introducingan expression vector comprising a promoter operably-linked to cDNAencoding an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of flavoids.

In another embodiment, an expression vector comprises a promoteroperably-linked to cDNA encoding an enzyme involved in nicotinebiosynthesis. In another embodiment, a plant cell line comprises anexpression vector comprising a promoter operably-linked to cDNA encodingan enzyme involved in nicotine biosynthesis. In another embodiment, atransgenic plant comprises an expression vector comprising a promoteroperably-linked to cDNA encoding an enzyme involved in nicotinebiosynthesis. In a preferred embodiment, the enzyme is PMT involved innicotine biosynthesis. In another embodiment, methods for modulating theproduction level of nicotine are provided, comprising: introducing anexpression vector comprising a promoter operably-linked to cDNA encodingan enzyme involved in nicotine biosynthesis.

Various embodiments are directed to expression constructs comprising atleast one GAG motif (SEQ ID NO:1), and subfragments thereof; and/or atleast one derivative GAG motif (SEQ ID NO:5), and subfragments thereof.Expression constructs further comprise suitable minimal core plantpromoter, a transgene of interest, an upstream (5′) regulatory region, adownstream (3′) regulatory region, including transcription terminationand polyadenylation signals, and other sequences required for efficientand specific expression known to persons skilled in the art.

Various embodiments are directed to transgenic plants, including plantsof the genus Nicotiana, various species of Nicotiana, including N.tabacum, N. rustica and N. glutinosa, and related members of the genusSolanaceae. Suitable plants for transformation include any strain orvariety of tobacco, any plant tissue capable of transformation byvarious methods of transforming plants known by persons skilled in theart, including U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,355 that discloses a method fortransforming susceptible plants, including dicots, with an Agrobacteriumstrain containing the Ti plasmid; U.S. Pat. No. 4,795,855 that disclosestransformation of woody plants with an Agrobacterium vector; U.S. Pat.No. 4,940,838 that discloses a binary Agrobacterium vector; U.S. Pat.Nos. 4,945,050; and 5,015,580.

Various embodiments are directed to methods for reducing/increasingexpression levels of a transgene of interest in a plant cell, comprisingan expression construct comprising at least one GAG motif (SEQ ID NO:1),and fragments thereof; and derivative GAG motif (SEQ ID NO:5) andfragments thereof.

Various embodiments are directed to methods for increasing expression ofa transgene in a plant cell specifically in response to phytohormoneinducibility (e.g., response to jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate),comprising: an expression construct comprising at least one GAG motif(SEQ ID NO:1), and fragments thereof; and derivative GAG motif (SEQ IDNO:5) and fragments thereof.

Transgenic tobacco plants containing the disclosed expression vectorscan produce altered levels of alkaloids, flavoids, and nicotine. Thetobacco leaves of such transgenic tobacco plants can be utilized forproducing various tobacco products, including the manufacture of pipes,cigars, and cigarettes, and chewing tobacco, and may be produced in anyform, including leaf tobacco, shredded tobacco, or cut tobacco. Alterednicotine content can improve resistance to insects.

Various embodiments are directed to seeds derived fromgenetically-modified transgenic plants described herein.

Various embodiments are directed to various polynucleotide moleculesthat can suppress the expression levels of genes involved in thebiosynthetic pathways for the production of alkaloids, flavoids, andnicotine. Examples of suitable compositions include ERF and Mycanti-sense polynucleotides that are complementary to ERF and Myctranscript sequences, such as RNAi molecules, microRNAs, and otherdominant negative constructs known to persons skilled in the art.

Examples Growth of Plant Cell Cultures

Tobacco (N. tabacum L.) Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cell suspension cultureswere grown in Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium containing 3% (w/v) sucroseand 0.2 mg/l 2.4-dichlorophenyoxyacetic acid (2.4-D), pH 5.8,essentially as described by An (1985). Cell suspensions were subculturedin fresh MS medium every 7 days.

Construction of Synthetic Promoters

Promoter constructs were produced by annealing phosphorylated upper- andlower-strand oligonucleotides to create various elements containing aSpeI restriction site at the 5′ end and an XbaI restriction site at the3′ end. These were introduced into MS23-β-glucuronidase (“GUS”) betweenthe SpeI and XbaI sites.

Promoter constructs containing multiple copies of elements orcombinations of elements in any desired order were obtained by digestingthe constructs with either SpeI or XbaI together with SacI, which cutsthe plasmid at boundaries of a synthetic promoter of interest. Ligationof two such fragments can recreate the plasmid with multiple copies ofan element of interest. This can be repeated, as the 5′ SpeI and the 3′XbaI sites are recreated, but internal SpeI-XbaI ligations result in theloss of these restriction sites. For analysis in N. tabacum, the entiresynthetic promoter was excised as a HindIII-SacI fragment and ligatedinto the binary vector pGPTV-GUS-KAN.

Transformation of Bright Yellow-2 Cells

Ten colonies of transformed Agrobacteria (A. tumefaciens) containing thepromoter construct were picked from a fresh plate and inoculated into 10ml YEB, containing 50 mg/l rifampicin and 50 mg/l kanamycin, in a 50 mlflask. Cell cultures were incubated overnight at 28° C. with shaking, anovernight culture (1 ml) was taken. Cultures were diluted with YEB plusantibiotics so that the OD₆₀₀ was approximately 0.3. Agrobacteria weregrown at 28° C. with shaking until the OD₆₀₀ was about 0.6. Cells werepelleted by centrifugation. Supernatants were removed and agrobacteriawere resuspended in 0.5 ml MS. Approximately 3 ml of wild type BY-2cells were introduced into Petri dishes. Approximately 100 μl ofundiluted Agrobacteria or 1:10 or 1:100 diluted agrobacteria were mixedwith the BY-2 cells to infect them. After 2 days, the BY-2 cells werewashed with 30 ml MS medium and left for 30 min before the supernatantwas removed. Approximately 2 ml aliquots of the transformed BY-2 cellswere deposited onto MS plates containing vitamins, 50 mg/l kanamycin,and 500 mg/l cefotaxin. Transformed calli were visible after 3-5 weeks.

Culturing and Treating of BY-2 Cells with Methyl Jasmonate

Single transformed calli were picked from selection plates and put onfresh MS+agar plates containing vitamins, 50 mg/l kanamycin, and 500mg/l cefotaxin. Additionally, small amounts of calli were deposited intomicro-wells (Corning 6 well culture cluster) with 6 ml MS mediumcontaining vitamins, kanamycin, and cefotaxin. Samples in themicro-wells were grown at 28° C. for 4 days with shaking. Approximately1 ml cells from the micro-wells were subcultured to new micro-wells with5 ml fresh MS medium with vitamins, 50 mg/l kanamycin, and 500 mg/lcefotaxin. BY-2 cells were grown at 28° C. for 3 days with shaking. Thenten independent lines were chosen and 0.4 ml cells from each of theliquid cultures were subcultured to a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask with 45 mlMS medium, vitamins, 50 mg/l kanamycin, and 500 mg/l cefotaxin. Cellswere grown at 28° C. for 2 days with shaking. Then 10 ml cells from eachflask were introduced into new 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks with 40 ml MSmedium containing vitamins without hormones (−2.4D) and antibiotics. TheBY-2 cells were grown at 28° C. for 1 day with shaking. After 1 day BY-2cells were treated with different amounts of methyl jasmonate (MeJA).

Determination of GUS Reporter Activity

Histochemical staining for GUS activity and GUS activity determinationwas performed as described by Jefferson (1987).

Transformation, Culture, and Treatment of Tobacco Plants with MeJA

Ten colonies of the transformed Agrobacteria containing a promoterconstruct of interest were picked from a fresh plate and inoculated into10 ml YEB, containing 50 mg/l rifampicin, and 50 mg/l kanamycin, in a 50ml flask. Cell cultures were incubated overnight at 28° C. with shaking.Approximately 1 ml of overnight culture was taken. Cultures were dilutedwith 50 ml YEB plus antibiotics so that the OD₆₀₀ was approximately 0.3.Agrobacteria were grown at 28° C. with shaking until the OD₆₀₀ wasapproximately 0.6. The cells were then pelleted by centrifugation.Supernatants were removed and Agrobacteria were resuspended in 40 mlfresh YEB by pipetting with a 1 ml tip. Wild type tobacco leaves werecut into small pieces under sterile conditions and put in a 50 mlbeaker. Agrobacteria solution was poured onto the tobacco leaves and themixture was swirled together and left for 5 min for the Agrobacteria toinfect the leaves. Infected leaves were put on MS plates with filterpaper (to limit Agrobacteria grow). The MS plates did not containantibiotics. Plates were left for 2 days in the dark. After 2 days thetobacco pieces were transferred onto MS plates containing 1 mg/l 6 BA,500 mg/l cefotaxin and 100 mg/l kanamycin. Samples were left in thelight at 28° C. After 1 month small transgenic tobacco plants werevisible. The plants were transferred to pots with ½ MS medium with 150mg/l kanamycin. Several week old plants were transplanted into soil andgrown under standard greenhouse conditions. Seeds from primarytransformants were collected and germinated on ½ MS medium with 150 mg/lkanamycin and 500 mg/l cefotaxin. Transgenic seedlings were tested forpromoter activity.

Testing Promoter Activity in Transgenic Tobacco Plants

Second generation transgenic tobacco plants containing variouspromoter::GUS constructs were used to test promoters for activity andwound inducibility or jasmonate inducibility. Three-week old transgenicplants were transferred to sterile pots containing 180 ml ½ MS, and weresuspended by plastic so that the roots were submerged in the medium butthe aerial parts of the plants were in the air. The plants were grownfor two weeks before exposure to 25 μM MeJA or being subjected towounding of aerial parts or roots by squashing with serrated tweezers.After 72 hours, the plants were stained for GUS activity.

Mutational Analysis of Individual Elements of NtPMT1a GAG Motif

Previous experiments designed to investigate the nature and location ofregulatory elements that control NtPMT1a gene expression showed that aminimal fragment of 111 bp, isolated upstream of the transcriptionalstart site, was sufficient to confer MeJA-responsiveness. More extensivemutagenesis studies indicated the existence of at least threefunctionally distinguishable elements: a G Box-like element at −103 to−96, an AT-rich region at −80 to −69, and a GCC-like element located at−62 to −56. This region containing all three elements is referred to asthe GAG motif, or the GAG motif (FIG. 2A). Further analysis establishedwhich elements are required for jasmonate inducibility, and whichelements are sufficient to direct jasmonate inducibility. By taking again-of-function approach, various promoter constructs, tetramers of theGAG motif, placed upstream of the CaMV-46 minimal promoter, which wasplaced upstream of a GUS reporter gene were incorporated into the binaryvector pGPTV (FIG. 2B). Each of the three elements within the GAG motifwas mutated to determine the contribution of each element to bothpromoter strength and inducibility (FIG. 3A).

An improved method for the analysis of promoter activity in BY-2 cellswas developed. Transformed BY-2 calli were grown on selection plates andsubsequently grown as liquid cultures in MS medium. For each individualconstruct ten independent lines were chosen. Approximately 0.5 ml cellsfrom each of the liquid cultures were subcultured together in MS mediumthat contain vitamins, kanamycin, and cefotaxin. After 2 days, the cellswere diluted in fresh MS medium containing vitamins without hormones(−2.4D) to reduce any stress response induced by cell density, and todeplete the medium of auxin. It has been shown previously that highauxin levels in the medium decreased the extent of MeJA-inducedNtPMT:GUS expression (Xu and Timko, 2004). After 1 day BY-2 cells weretreated with 100 μM MeJA. After 48 hours cell samples were taken, andwere used to determine the GUS activity. For statistical analysis, eachexperiment was repeated four times and to avoid day to day variation inthe GUS activities, and the data were normalized. These cell cultureconditions ensured both a rapid and uniform response to MeJA.

To better characterize the GAG motif, a number of different constructswere made, and were tested in gain-of-function experiments by placingfour copies of each element in front of the minimal CaMV 35S-46 promoter(FIG. 3A). Four tetramer constructs were tested: a GAG motif; a GAGmotif containing a mutated G Box-like element in which the core sequenceof ACGT in the G box was mutated to TTAA; a GAG motif containing amutated GCC-like box in which the GCGCCC sequence in the GCC-like boxwas mutated to TTAATT; and a GAG motif containing a mutated AT-richregion consisting of the same number of A and T residues as the nativeGAG motif but in a different order.

FIG. 3B shows clearly that a tetramer of the GAG motif can direct highlevel MeJA-induced expression (approximately 35-fold inducibility). FIG.3B also shows that the mutation in the AT-rich region has insubstantialeffect on the response of the GAG motif after MeJA treatment. However,the other mutations have a strong effect on the response of the testedfragment after MeJA treatment. Mutations of either the G Box-likeelement, or the GCC-like box, can abolish MeJA-induced expression. FIG.3B also shows that a tetramer of the GAG motif with mutated G Box-likeelement has a higher background in the absence of MeJA than the GAGmotif itself. In the absence of MeJA, the G Box-like element can act asa negative element. Alternatively, in the presence of MeJA, the GBox-like element can act as a positive element.

Gain-of-Function Experiments with the Individual Elements in the NtPMT1aGAG Motif

FIG. 3 illustrates that both, the G Box-like element and the GCC-likebox element, are necessary for MeJA-inducible expression in BY-2 cells.Gain-of-function experiments were conducted to determine which elements,or combinations of elements, are sufficient to direct MeJA-inducibleexpression. For these experiments, tetramers of individual elements, orcombinations of elements, were inserted in front of the minimal CaMV35S-46 promoter (FIG. 4A). Ten independent BY-2 cell lines carrying eachconstruct were tested for promoter strength and inducibility by MeJA.FIG. 4B shows that the pGPTV vector showed only low level promoteractivity with a characteristic reduction after MeJA treatment. Atetramer of the G Box-like element showed very similar results to thatobtained by testing the vector control deficient in the tetramer. Lowpromoter activity and the characteristic reduction after MeJA exposurewere observed, suggesting that the G Box-like element alone isinsufficient is supporting promoter activation in BY-2 cells. FIG. 4Aalso shows the promoter activity of a tetramer of the AT-rich elementwith and without the addition of 100 μM MeJA. The AT-rich element showedonly low level promoter activity and a characteristic reduction inpromoter activity after MeJA addition. Comparison with the resultsobtained by testing the vector control, pGPTV, suggested that thisreduction in activity is a feature of the expression vector and notcharacteristic of the AT-rich region. Similar to the results observedfor the G Box element and the AT-rich element, a tetramer of theGCC-like box showed only low level promoter activity, and the level ofGUS activity showed the characteristic reduction in every line testedafter MeJA addition. These data clearly show that none of the elementsof the GAG motif is sufficient to support full promoter activation.However, FIG. 4B also shows that the results obtained with a tetramer ofthe combination (the G Box-like element and the GCC-like box element)are significantly different from the results obtained by individuallytesting the individual elements in isolation from the other nativeelements of the GAG motif. The results showed that the G Box-GCCcombination (deficient in the AT-rich element) can be induced by MeJA(approximately 10-15 fold inducibility). Furthermore, neither, the G Boxnor the GCC-like Box element, individually, is sufficient to supportpromoter activation in BY-2 cells. Both, the G Box and the GCC-like Boxelements, is responsive to MeJA, thus demonstrating that the G Box andthe GCC-like element form a functional unit.

To determine how strong and how inducible the tetramer of the G Box-GCCis compared to the tetramer of the complete GAG motif, these twoconstructs were tested at the same time (FIG. 4B). The result show thatthe tetramer of the GAG motif is much stronger than the G Box-GCCelement, and that the deletion of the AT-rich region greatly reducespromoter strength. The MeJA-inducibility of the GAG motif and the GBox-GCC are relatively similar, and that the elements responsible forMeJA induction of the GAG motif are probably present in the G Box-GCCportions of the GAG motif.

Analysis of the G Box-GCC Unit

The G Box-GCC unit (29 bp) is shown to be sufficient for directingapproximately 10-fold inducibility by MeJA. To further analyze thiscomposite 29 bp unit, mutations were introduced into either the GBox-like or the GCC-like element. The core sequence of ACGT in the G boxwas mutated to TTAA, and the GCGCCC sequence in the GCC-like box wasmutated to TTAATT (FIG. 5A). These mutations were the same as thoseintroduced into the GAG motif. FIG. 5B shows that either mutations ofthe G Box-like element, or the GCC-like box element, totally abolishedMeJA-inducible expression. This shows that the “G Box-GCC unit,”although consisting of 29 nucleotides in length, contains twofunctionally distinguishable elements, and that both elements arenecessary for MeJA-inducible expression.

Comparative Analysis of GAG Motifs of Different Tobacco PMT GenePromoters

In tobacco, five different PMT genes have been identified: NtPMT1a,NtPMT1b, NtPMT2, NtPMT3 and NtPMT4. The expression kinetics and levelsof transcript accumulation differs for each of the five N. tabacum PMTgene family members. These five genes also respond differently tophytohormones such as MeJA, ethylene and auxin. A comparison of four ofthe different PMT genes, NtPMT1a, NtPMT2, NtPMT3, and NtPMT4 have showedthat all four genes are clearly inducible by MeJA. An inspection of thepromoter regions of all four genes have shown that they all contain theGAG motif (approximately 111 bp) upstream of the transcriptional startsite. Minor differences can be distinguished within these GAG motifs(FIG. 6A). Given the functional significance of the GCC-like box (FIGS.5A and 5B), the most critical domain may be identified by evaluatingdifferences in the sequences within the GCC-box in the NtPMT3 genepromoter (CGAGTTCCGCCCTCCACTC) and the GCC-boxes from other PMT genepromoters (CGAGTTGCGCCCTCCACTC). The other major variation is adifference in the length of the AT-rich region. This region is 3 bplonger in the GAG motif from the NtPMT1a gene promoter compared to theGAG motifs from the other three genes. One bp difference is also presentwithin the G Box-like element (in which the sequence is CTGCACGTTG inNtPMT1a), and the three other PMT genes have the sequence ATGCACGTTG.

To test whether the differences in nucleotide sequence have any effecton the promoter strength or inducibility, and to determine whether theGAG motif from all four PMT genes are responsible for MeJA-inducibility,tetramers of all four GAG motifs were tested in gain-of-functionexperiments.

FIG. 6B shows, that despite minor sequence differences, all four GAGmotifs can activate the promoter at similar levels, and can direct highlevel MeJA-inducible expression (approximately 25-80-fold inducibility).This suggests that the 1 bp difference in either, the G Box-like elementor the GCC-like box element, does not have an effect on MeJA-inducibleexpression, and also that the 3 bp difference in the length of theAT-rich element does not change the nature of this element. Takentogether, the results suggest that the GAG motifs can directMeJA-inducible expression of all tobacco PMT genes.

Wounding and MeJA-Inducible Expression in Tobacco Roots Directed by theGAG and G Box-GCC

Although a small number of jasmonate response elements have beencharacterized using cell cultures or transient expression systems, veryfew have been shown to be active in plants. The activities of the GAGmotif and the G box-GCC unit in tobacco plants were evaluated.Transgenic plants were produced that contained the same tetramerconstructs that were active in BY-2 cells. Several independent lines foreach construct were tested for expression in untreated plants, woundedplants and MeJA-treated plants. FIG. 7 shows that both the GAG motif andthe G box-GCC unit can direct wound-inducible expression andMeJA-inducible expression in the roots of tobacco plants. Untreatedplants show a level of expression from both the GAG motif and the Gbox-GCC unit. This expression is restricted to the roots and can betypically found in the middle portions of the root away from the rootapical meristem, root cap, and zone of elongation. Wounding of eitherthe roots directly, or wounding of the leaves, led to up-regulation inexpression from both promoter constructs but no change in the pattern ofexpression. The synthesis of nicotine alkaloids is induced in the rootsof tobacco species after an insect attack, wounding, and jasmonateexposure. The inducibility of the GAG motif and the G box-GCC unit inroots as a result of wounding in the leaves indicates that bymanipulating plants (e.g., insect attack, wounding, or topping) byphysical means or by exposure to phytohormones, activation of PMTpromoter activation mediated by the GAG motif can be useful forgenetically controlling alkaloid biosynthesis pathway to produce higheror lower levels of nicotine and other alkaloids.

Plants were treated with 25 μM MeJA and stained after 72 hours to detectpromoter activity. The GAG motif and the G box-GCC unit showedinducibility by MeJA, and displayed a remarkable change in expressionpattern. Expression after 72 hours was still confined to the roots butshifted from the central and upper parts of the roots to an area nearerthe root tip that appears to be associated with the elongation zone(FIG. 7). In addition, expression was also observed in areas aroundlateral root initials (FIG. 7). These results show that the GAG motifdirects tissue-specific, wound-inducible expression, and Me-JA inducibleexpression. FIG. 7 also shows that only the 29 bp fragment (“G box-GCCunit”) is required to direct this expression pattern. Thewound-inducibility and MeJA-inducibility of the G box-GCC unit can beuseful for genetically modifying nicotine biosynthesis by serving as aswitch mechanism.

It will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of theinvention have been described herein for purposes of illustration,various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited exceptas by the appended claims.

1-16. (canceled)
 17. A plant comprising an expression vector comprisinga promoter comprising multiple copies of a tripartite GAG motif, wherethe tripartite GAG motif comprises a G-box like element, an AT-richelement, and a GCC-like box element, and the tripartite GAG motif iscapable of inducing expression of a polynucleotide sequence operativelylinked to the tripartite GAG motif.
 18. The plant of claim 17, whereinthe plant is a transgenic tobacco plant.
 19. The plant of claim 17,wherein the plant is a Nicotiana tabacum plant.
 20. The plant of claim17, wherein the tripartite GAG motif has at least 95% nucleotidesequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.
 21. Theplant of claim 17, wherein the tripartite GAG motif comprises thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.
 22. The plant of claim 17, whereinthe tripartite GAG motif has at least 95% nucleotide sequence identityto the nucleotide sequence found at nucleotides 7 to 63 of SEQ ID NO:1.23. The plant of claim 17, wherein the tripartite GAG motif comprisesthe nucleotide sequence found at nucleotides 7 to 63 of SEQ ID NO:1. 24.The plant of claim 17, wherein the tripartite GAG motif comprises a GAGmotif of a NtPMT1a gene, NtPMT1b gene, NtPMT2 gene, a NtPMT3 gene, or aNtPMT4 gene.
 25. The plant of claim 17, wherein the promoter isinducible by a phytohormone.
 26. The plant of claim 25, wherein thephytohormone is selected from the group consisting of jasmonic acid,methyl jasmonate, ethylene, and an auxin.
 27. The plant of claim 17,wherein the promoter is inducible by plant wounding.
 28. The plant ofclaim 17, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide. 29.The plant of claim 17, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes amolecule capable of suppressing the expression level of one or moregenes involved in a biosynthetic pathway for the production of analkaloid or nicotine.
 30. The plant of claim 17, wherein thepolynucleotide sequence encodes a molecule capable of suppressing theexpression level of one or more genes involved in a biosynthetic pathwayfor the production of a flavonoid.
 31. The plant of claim 17, whereinthe polynucleotide sequence encodes a protein involved in a biosyntheticpathway for the production of an alkaloid or nicotine.
 32. The plant ofclaim 17, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a protein involvedin a biosynthetic pathway for the production of a flavonoid.
 33. Atobacco product comprising tobacco material from the Nicotiana tabacumplant of claim
 19. 34. The tobacco product of claim 33, wherein thetobacco product is selected from the group consisting of a pipe, acigar, a cigarette, chewing tobacco, leaf tobacco, shredded tobacco, andcut tobacco.